Contemporary Persian Literature

Abstract Invented by American Matthew Lipman, Philosophy for Children (P4C) is an innovative program in education and training which aims to teach thinking skills to children. This program presents various philosophical contents to children through stories. The current study, which is a kind of descriptive-analytical one using library sources, aims to figure out literal, philosophical and psychological richness of the stories in Polo-Koresh collection by Houshang Moradi Kermani in the framework of P4C. The stories are “Dournin-e-Shekari[1]”, “zir-e-noure Sham[2]”, “Honarmand[3]”, “Pishkesh[4]”, and “Polo-Koresh[5]”. The findings reveal that these stories have high capacities in the triple areas. Main characters are dynamic and readers can have identification with them. The theme of “Dournin-e-Shekari”, “zir-e-noure Sham” is non-indoctrinating and no case is cracked at the end. However, “Honarmand”, “Pishkesh”, and “Polo-Koresh” are indoctrinating and crack the case at the end. Except for “Honarmand”, credibility is optimal in all stories. All of them have valuable philosophical themes and contents. Except for “Dournin-e-Shekari”, the theme is somewhat indoctrinating in other stories which is in contrast with P4C goals. All stories contain some dialogues which are challenging, although they need be changed to be in line with P4C goals. Narrating language is fluent enough, except for “Honarmand”. In terms of the relevance of the concepts to the audience’s level of understanding, “zir-e-noure Sham”, “Honarmand”, and “Pishkesh” contain some violent scenes needed be rewritten.
 
 
 
 
 
 



 


 


 


 


 

Abstract Ghaem Magham Farahani is considered one of the great politicians of the Qajar period and has several writings, the most important of which is called Manshat. Manshat is a letter written in a simple and fluent style during the bureaucracy period and as a literary genre it has the capacity to be studied based on the theory of application of the principles of literature. Therefore, in this study, the theory of literature in the family letters of the deputy in the source is examined and analyzed in order to evaluate his personality and the way of communication with family members. Numerous theories have been expressed about the principles of literature, in this article, from Brown and Levinson's theory, based on the strategies of negative literature and positive literature, direct and indirect speeches; And Calper's theory has been used in relation to the strategy of positive etiquette and negative etiquette, and direct violation. The results of this research which was done by descriptive-analytical method; It shows that Farahani's deputy has benefited a lot from positive literature for his audience; And he has used negative literature to express his interest and has threatened someone less. Positive etiquette violations based on lack of empathy or inappropriate labels account for a small percentage, and negative etiquette violations and direct etiquette violations are very few in these letters. He also uses indirect expression as a reason for polite behavior; It is used more than direct expression.

Abstract Objectivity is one of the main and most important concepts in Nima Yooshij poetic theory. Some critics have found his poems completely objective, meanwhile they consider some of his poems subjective, thus it seems that his theory and poetry are contradicted. Some other critics have given a different definition to this concept by incorrectly attributing it to other components of his theory and poetry. By taking Nima's views in to consideration and also paying attention to the historical course of these concepts in his poetry, it is clear that the basis of Nima's thinking and approach is dialectical and according to the views of philosophers such as Hegel and Marx, he has identified subject and object. And finally, without distorting the principle of objectivism he has overcome the contradiction between the two in favor of objectivity; thus he himself becomes a part of that objectivity.
In other words, what has misled critics in facing these concepts is the fact that they did not understand this dialectical opposition. Paying attention to Nima's dialectical structure is very useful in understanding and analyzing his poems. In this article, in addition to outlining his approach in this area, some of the mistakes and problems of the critics in dealing with his poetry have been solved by criticizing four poems of him.

Abstract This article examines the story of Asqar Elahi: “Salmergi” from a monophonic and polyphonic perspective. The theoretical basis of this study is based on the view that Bakhtin has formulated and explained in “Problems of Dostoevosky’s Poetics, 1984”.
Throughout the article, we first try to give a precise definition of monophonic and polyphonic, and then we will use the principles and criteria that can be obtained through Bakhtin's work to explain the subject, and finally we will study the novel “Salmergi”based on them.
In general, the article tries to answer the following questions: 1. According to what criteria can a novel be considered polyphonic? 2. What is the relationship between polyphony and character development in the novel? 3. Can the story “Salmergi” be considered a polyphonic work? And if so, what features put it in the style of such stories?

Abstract The Islamic Revolution of Iran is the most influential factor in the historical-cultural transformation of contemporary Iran, which, along with fundamental changes in the intellectual, social, political, etc., also rapidly transformed the country's literary system. One of these areas of the literary system is the novel. Popular novels have significant cultural, social, and historical implications for a nation's culture due to their large audience. Popular (yellow) novels, like other literary systems, have been influenced by historical-cultural changes and are constantly evolving. The present study tries to investigate some of the developments of these novels in structure and content by descriptive-analytical method, relying on selected novels. To examine these developments, the decade has been the criterion and the coordinates of these novels in different decades have been studied. Changes in the way of narration, characterization, theme and especially the way of looking at women are among the developments that this research has achieved in these novels.The research process shows that the change in the way of narration, characterization, theme and especially the way of looking at women are among the changes that have taken place in these novels and these novels in their natural evolution in some features approach elitist novels but; They have always distinguished themselves from them in many other respects.

Abstract Cixous, like Lacan, sees language as theorem. Therefore, by inviting "feminine writing", he intends to deconstruct the language. Inspired by Derrida, Cixous rejects signals with fixed and clear meanings. Accordingly, the most important feature of women's writing is ambiguity and ambiguous metaphors. The present article seeks to examine how feminine writing is formed in the plot of "Purple Pencil". In this regard, in the main elements of the story (in characters, actions, causal relationships), he discovers and interprets fluid and multimodal signs, according to the paradigms of the theory of "feminine writing", in a descriptive analytical method. The results show that: First, feminine writing is not merely based on the style and form of writing (story superstructure), but through a Cixous character, and the causal relationships of the events of the story, can have a plural appearance (deep in the story construction); Second, the way out of gender repression is through language. The research that has been done so far, according to the Cixous Yi approach, has often paid attention to the style of expression and the poetic techniques of form. The innovation of the present study is that, firstly, it expands women's writing, from the level of style and manner of expression, to the level of plot and theme. Second, it examines, for the first time, the Cixous approach to women's writing in the context of children's fiction.

Abstract Abstract
 
The contemporary party poetry as a leader of the committed literary has intended to redefine and reconstruct fundamental concepts such as the history, consciousness, equality and reality under the umbrella of the thoughts of Marxism in order to reorder its dissident against the authoritarianism.  The spread of Marxist beliefs in Persian and Kurdish societies has led to the appearance of comparable topics while they were differed in representation method. Comparative explanation of ideological implications can help to epistemologically-aesthetically decipher of the poets works. Relying on an analytical-descriptive methodology, this study aims to explain and illustrate the reconstructed reality in the poems of Ismail Shahroudi and Abdullah Goran as the two prominent representatives of the political committed literary. Results show that despite the climatic and social differences, the presence of an ideological commitment as a prior order has led to the resemblance of the subjects of representation while they are differed in their representation method. Thus, the difference of representation of the reality in the works of the two can be considered in their contextualization or de-contextualizing of the representative subject. Shahroudi neither expresses his own lived experience or the experience of the Iranian society nor shows the signs of leftist idioms and concepts in his poems. In contrast, Goran’s expression is based on contextualization. He simultaneously refers to the lived climatic-social experience of the Kurds and the as the epistemological context puts the idioms and concepts of leftism in his poems.

Abstract The body of the present study includes the study of semiotics and the analysis of the systems of action of the book "This dog wants to take Roxana" by Qassem Kashkoli. At first, the existing discourse systems will be examined and in the next stage, these discourse systems will be examined interdisciplinary to examine its main features, including action .Then, these characteristics are examined in the form of narrative processes specific to this author and it will be determined what is the place of action and cognition in relation to transcendental functions. So our main issue in this article is to see how the action anchors are destroyed one after the other, giving way to turbulent and indeterminate rays. In fact, the main purpose of this article is how delaying action, mechanization of time, rupture in the connection of action elements cause the destruction of semantic anchors and lead to semantic turbulence. In fact, each of the characteristics of action and eloquence and multiple dimensions of the study of discourse systems in the context of the sign-semantics approach of discourse in this work is somewhat evident. So the key is to see how the action anchors are destroyed one after the other, giving way to turbulent, indeterminate glass. Also, how action suspension, time mechanization, rupture in the connection of action elements, and sudden displacement of narrative elements cause the destruction of semantic anchors and semantic turbulence. Then based on what pattern the semantic-sign process is developed to lead to the production of volatile meanings.
In fact, the present article tries to answer these questions:
1- What factors cause the destruction of semantic anchors in the studied work?
2. What are the most important aspects of the representation of discourse in " this dog wants to take, Roxana" and how do these aspects lead us to a fluid and post-discourse

Abstract Sohrab Sepehri's poetry as one of the prominent poets of contemporary Iran, has not been neglected on Shafiei Kadkani behalf and in most of his writings that are Basically about Iran’s contemporary poetry (With lights and mirrors; Persian poetry periods) or have scattered material about Iran’s contemporary poetry and prominent contemporary poets (The poet of mirrors; Contemporary Arabic poetry), We can take his ideas and thoughts about Sohrab Sepehri and VP's poetic art. Sohrab Sepehri is a praiseworthy poet for Shafiei Kadkani; these appreciations can be seen in four areas: Along with praising contemporary Iranian poetry, along with praising modern Iranian poetry, along with praising the influence of modern Iranian poetry on European literary developments and Sepehri's praise in connection with himself.
Also based on Shafiee Kadkani's Theory of Following Contemporary Poetry from the Literary Developments of Europe in Recent Centuries, Sepehri's influence on European literature can be seen in several areas, like Influenced by S. J. Pers, J. A. Prévert and Eliot Especially in Hybridization and His penchant for Buddhism and Far Eastern mysticism. Although in Shafiei’s opinion Hybridization, has been damaged To Sepehri's poem in his last poetry book, especially regarding to having meaning and Aesthetic facts.

Abstract Possible worlds is an interdisciplinary subject that can be used as an effective cognitive model to make sense of long-distance fiction; Especially modern stories in which we see the disintegration and collapse of the narrative plot of the stories as well as the mental fragmentation of the fictional characters. To this end, the authors in the present study, using the method of content analysis in a library method, seek to answer the questions of how the types of worlds and the gateways to them are formed in the Malakout story and what functions they will have? The story of the Malakout, though seemingly chaotic, but the globalizations created by the various textual elements cause the chaos and nonsense seen in its superstructure to be abolished and greater coherence and entanglement achieved. It is noteworthy that such possible worlds are created by ourselves as an illustrator and producer narrator or an associative narrator who will have different perceptions of the text. In addition to what makes it possible for modern stories such as the Malakout to enter the possible worlds from the real world of the story, there are characters who have undergone a kind of mental and spiritual transformation and are given a wide range of time and space. In this way, they go beyond the dimension of time and space, which has a real plan, and encounter a kind of extra-temporal and trans-spatial space. It is as a result of such cases that the necessary preparation for entering other worlds is provided. By discovering possible worlds and gateways to the story of the Malakout, ambiguity becomes possible, and all of these seemingly fluid and separate worlds will reach a point of connection, that of becoming a kingdom.

Abstract Abstract
Stories that are told to teenagers are one of the referable resources for them to better understand the accepted frames of society .These works can also increase their decision-making ability to solve the challenges of entering youth and adulthood. This research is a descriptive-analytical research using David Howarth`s social discourse analysis and Erving Goffman`s theory, analyzes and examines the novel by the Eperatoore Kalamat by Ahmad Akbarpour. Selecting theories about social and sociological discourse analysis is why it is possible to properly analyze the position a writer holds for adolescents. In the opinion of the author of the novel, because adults have more awareness and experience than adolescents are allowed to set paths for teenagers. But in order to follow this path, it is necessary to gain the trust of the teenager by giving him partial decisions and asking him for opinion. These novel describe teenage problems with older adults and adult mistakes in treating teenagers, but they know the key to the communication between these two age groups in the hands of adults and the behavior of teenagers completely dependent on the behavior of older people around them.

Abstract Criticism of immigration is one of the fields of postcolonial criticism that has attracted the attention of literary and artistic critics in the new world due to the prevalence of migration between different countries. The views of the French thinker and theorist Julia kristeva have found a special place in the critical interpretation of immigration and immigrant issues. Kristeva, who uses the terms "chora", "alienation" and "abjection" in her psychological and social study of the phenomenon of migration, considers the main reason for the rejection of aliens by the inhabitants of the host country to be their lack of proper encounter with aliens. The severance of the immigrants from their homeland and ancestral language also creates a sense of suspense in space and time that prevents them from feeling a sense of belonging to the new land. Alieh Ataee, an Iranian-Afghan writer, is one of the artists who uses the problems and concerns of Afghan immigrants in her works. The author's collection of dog eyes contains seven short stories on the subject of mostly Afghan immigrants, which will represent their problems and issues. The present article seeks to examine the stories of this collection from the perspective of immigration critique and based on the ideas of Julia Kristeva using a descriptive-analytical method. The results show that the problems of contamination by the host, lack of belonging to the new land, suspension of time, return to the glorious past and the inefficiency of the motherland accent are the main problems of immigrant characters in the "Dog's Eye" story series.