Contemporary Persian Literature

Abstract Persian poetry evolved as a result of the familiarity with western literature in terms of both content and form. One of the types of evolution in Persian poetry in Mashrouteh era is to utilize several new types of rhymes that belonged to the west literature and was unprecedented in our classic literature and Mashrouteh poets were familiar with these types of rhymes through Turkish poetry which entered into modernity age before the Iranian literature in association with the western world and were applied in their poems. Reluctance from the monotony of the old literature on the one hand, and the enthusiasm for modernity and novelty and the need of entry into the new fields of poetry in that age on the other hand, were important factors of evolution in this type. In Mashrouteh poem, these evolutions were the beginning of modernity in Persian poem which new one were shaped by these evolutions along with other factors. In this article, we examined three types of rhymes of western poem in Mashrouteh poem, namely: 1. Alternate rhyme 2. Enclosed rhyme 3. Chain rhyme Through these three mentioned rhymes, cruciform rhyme had high popularity among Mashrouteh era poets and many pioneer poets even their traditionalists in that era employed this rhyme, but the other types were used less than the first one.

Abstract Form games is one of the new techniques that postmodernist authors use to challenge the familiar forms of writing. Postmodernists using methods like creating special signs between lines or margin of pages, inserting images between the texts or typing the words and sentences in particular ways make changes in the shape of their novels. This article intends to consider this technique in a number of Persian postmodern novels in the 80’s. (Aftabparast-e-nazanin, Frankoula, Rood- e- ravi and Bazi) and explain how and why these writers use this method. After the research, we conclude that these authors using this technique innovate in the structure of novels and creating incoherence, with the use of visual effects attempt to make the readers to achieve deep layers of perception and somehow distinct from the text.

Abstract Ways of ending is very important in all arts and poetry is not an exception. One of the elements in the structure of the poem, is ways of ending that in addition to musical features which is also important in the cohesion of the text. For this reason, this part of the poem has gained much attention by the poets in different periods and poets have tried to decorate it to get to more lasting effect of poetry in thought of the reader. In classical poetry ending has appeared like purple patch, sharite, signature, etc. In contemporary poetry, the ending was paid special attention to as well. Of course Nima and his followers presented innovations in this area. One of the poets whose poem endings have innovations is Mim. Sereshk. He presented various ways trying to create new forms in his poem. Methods that this poet used are: refraining, selection of title based on the poem’s ending, suspension, the unexpected and the underdevelopment, etc. Despite this very in novations that are seen as ways of ending in Shafiee’s poem, he has used traditional methods such as Sharite and purple patch in a few poems. That Is related to complete recognition of poetry in the classical Persian literature and as a result of being familiar with it.

Abstract Beauty and its evidences have always been a controversial issue among the scholars throughout the history of philosophy, Psychology, literature, mysticism, etc. Mysticism is evident in Sohrab Sepehri's viewpoint of beauty perception and understanding abstract phenomena which eventually leads him to a type of mystical approach and roots in his belief of direct experience through different contexts such as language, paradox and dream. This attitude directs him to a type of symbolic language. His journey to discover the aesthetics of life results in a personal view of death, sorrow and other seemingly unwanted phenomena to see them as beautiful aspects of life. This paper tries to depict Sohrab’s display of beauty in his poetry and painting revealing its connection with his artistic intuition of art and personal mysticism.

Abstract Nowadys, Literature and in particular, short-story is considered as a kind of art that has its own rules which can be learned by hard reading and lots of efforts. We can study short stories focusing on characters, quality of expressions and length. Also It can be studied using the relatively neoteric comparative literature in the “relations and influences” of literature in common elements of literature at different languages. Raymond Carver and Mostafa Mastoor are two great writers that have achieved some success in the contemporary literature and they were indicated the common concepts of human life such as suffering, love, fear, treachery, etc. The goal of this article is to comparatively study the two writers’ works that have similarities and differences because of difference in experience and depth in their point of view. These two writers, in spite of different geographical, historical and socio-cultural origins using common story language and skillful representation of character change, turning inward on oneself and a change into meaningful and spirited human origins, in the time of unbelievable things, denial, doubt, solitude and defenselessness succeeded in creating everlasting short stories.

Abstract Since long ago, the predisposition to brevity has resulted in the creation of many short-written texts. In contemporary literature, accordingly, along with other social or literary factors, brevity has gained currency, leading to shortening both verse and prose. On the other hand, a considerable majority of past literature, through an aesthetics look, has always been closely linked with brevity and pose of frugality. Karikalamator is amongst the few brief prose works which not only enforces a small number of words, but also fundamentally roots from the principles of literature, and through this, utilizes the creation of brevity in two approaches that in addition to shortness, the artistic criteria are well-preserved, though rarely observed in most other short-written ones

Abstract Salman Harati (1365-1338), one of the poets committed to the Islamic Revolution literature in contemporary style and resistance. Salman’s poetry is clear and smooth, honest and sincere. Salman poetic language is that of the Islamic Revolution. He uses many techniques to promote his poem. The use of different verb moods and its distinct roles. Verb mood is a syntactic-semantic issue which is a means of expressing the narrator’s view of the content. In fact the declarative, potential and imperative moods show the potentiality of an action taking place. In Persian today: we have these three moods. Using a qulatitative-quantitaive approach this paper tries to show the function of these moods to in order for him to give it a poetical feature. The results of this study indicate that although he uses many mood functions the declarative mood is applied more in comparison to potential and imperative moods.