Contemporary Persian Literature

Abstract In this research, the issue of violence against Iranian women, which is an undeniable fact and a historical and social crisis, has been analyzed. In this research, first the concept of violence, its origins and fields of influence are explained, then these fields of influence and dimensions of violence in the realistic novel Abbas Maroufi(1957-2022)’s The year of riot (Sal-e Balva) have been investigated based on the text of the novel Sal-e Balva with descriptive-analytical method, the authors have discussed the central issue of how violence against women and its dimensions are reflected in the novel Sal-e Balva and from what origins did it branch out? Therefore, by explaining the origins of violence in Iran's social context and its spheres of influence, and presenting a structured model to understand the dimensions, spheres and origins of violence against Iranian women, the examples of the statistical community of violence in the novel "Sale Balva" were examined. The obtained results show that most of the existing examples of violence in the Sal-e Balva originate from the origin of the social structure (tension and conflict) and the violence has the greatest scope in this novel in terms of psychological-emotional impact.

Abstract Abstract

Dependence on tradition and liberation from it and connection to modernity is the distinguishing chapter of literary texts in the new era, and texts are defined and distinguished by the credit of breaking the boundaries of tradition and dependence on it. In the modern era, the dependence of literary texts on the element of place and geography is one of the aspects of distinguishing these works from classical works. With the formation of new definitions of the place, the authors added to the value and quality of the places with multiple and multifaceted views, and the places became multi-layered. In the upcoming research, the story of Gilehmard from Bozorge Alavi and the story of Marghade Agha from Nimayoshij have been investigated and clarified in a descriptive, analytical way and from the perspective of geography criticism, that Nima and Bozor Alavi intended to challenge the old territories and create new territories by emphasizing the single geography. By reactivating the forest movement and voicing the voice of this movement that arose from the heart of geography and the environment, Bozor Alavi has tried to describe modernity as a failure against tradition and fight against the deterritorialization of modern thought that tries to turn all spaces into a single space. In the above story, the subjects of modern thought who are the representatives of deterritorialization and reterritorialization are portrayed as defeated in the struggle with the territorialism of the natives. Nimayoshij also considers the traditionalists as territorialists in the story, who have risen up against the other deterritorialists. This other has arisen from the heart of Khudi culture; But it seeks to violate the territory of the predecessors, and despite the fact that it dies in the way of reterritorialization, it cannot change the subjects.

Abstract "Tasnif", which in different periods has been mentioned as "song" or "Tarang", really has been developed in constitutional revolutionera. In spite of "Sheyda" precedence, Arif Ghazvini played a more effective and popular role in the flourishing of the Tasnif as an important literary genre.

With a descriptive-analytic method, the author attempts to explore and analyze Ghazvini’s deconstruction way of the mystic Tasnifs in comparison with the abstract poetry, as well as to show its prominent features produced by the immediate symmetry of the word and melody.The findings of this study show that the Tasnif, given its combination feature such as congregation of melodies, rhythms, meanings and words, has a unique and distinct form and structure of abstract poetry impacted totally by rhythm and melody; The result of this melodic domination is linguistic, musical, and formal deconstruction is that, in the context of special innovations and baselines for sprosody, musical reading will be dominate on the Tasnif on its written form, as well as link the semantic, formal, and rhythm with the word with and the melody.

Abstract Feminism is a social movement that began in Europe and America at the end of the 18th century with the aim of dismantling women's gender discrimination And so far, he has completed three different courses And various groups and trends have emerged from it. With the introduction of feminist ideas into the field of literary criticism, in the late 1960s, "feminist criticism" was founded which analyzes literary works with the two approaches of "female effects" and "criticism of the female author". In this article, we have tried to present a report on the influence of literature and literary criticism on the feminism movement And to show that feminist literary criticism, by identifying the basic and common needs of women, such as the equality of their social, political and educational rights with men, preventing the authority of men, preventing gender injustice, correcting the wrong traditions of society, freedom and independence Women and... while presenting a new reading of literary texts, explores human characters represented in literature. After introducing this approach to literary texts, with a descriptive-analytical method, the novel John Shifete by Romain Rolland and the Iranian novel Sovshon by Simin Daneshvar are subjected to feminist criticism. We have come to the conclusion that in these works the necessity of women's independence and freedom and the cultural and social barriers to their employment, the superiority of the male sex over the female, misogyny and breaking the tradition of women, diversity and men's betrayal, physical and psychological violence , economic and legal against women, which is one of the main issues and problems of women in patriarchal societies, is clearly reflected.

Abstract In different cultures, a halo of negations, taboos, and marginalization sometimes draws distant parts of human concepts and inner emotions, known as taboos or prohibitions. Taboo themes have various forms and dimensions, including political, religious, sexual, and social. Despite the prohibition of taboos in social interactions, the field of literature provides a platform for their direct and indirect emergence. Attention to taboos and their reflection in literary texts, regardless of breaking common norms for creative creations, has an aesthetic and cognitive aspect. To demonstrate this aspect of contemporary literary works, we have selected stories from Persian and Arabic literature; that is, two female and two male writers from two languages and cultures. The research findings indicate that the story writers have used taboos in portraying characters and choosing their language. In these works, female characters use non-standard language forms more often, while male characters use more standard forms. Syrian writers express taboos more freely, while Iranian writers are more cautious and use more rhetorical devices. Regarding taboo themes, it can also be said that Iranian and Arab writers do not break many taboos in religious and belief matters. Behavioral taboos such as mentioning alcoholic beverages and drugs are seen in all texts. In the realm of women's taboos, while all writers have addressed them, these taboos are more explicitly expressed in Arabic stories.

Abstract ۱٬۳۱۶ / ۵٬۰۰۰

One of the important theories in the branches of semantics is cognitive semantics. In cognitive semantics, it is assumed that cognitive functions are located along our senses. Conceptual schemas are among the conceptual constructions that have been paid attention to in this field. Imaginal schemas are built with a metaphorical underpinning and become a bridge to connect our physical experiences with more complex cognitive domains. Based on this, the experience that man has of his physical existence and the occupation of a part of the space by it becomes a background to make it easy for him to understand abstract concepts, and in this way, any concept that may not have an external existence can also be the container of containers and places. be different The present essay tries to analyze conceptual metaphors with the help of concepts such as directional metaphors, ontological metaphors, and conceptual schemas in Bijan Najdi's poems, using the descriptive-analytical method and after presenting the compliments and theories related to cognitive semantics. The findings of the research show that Najdi used imaginary schemas to visualize abstract concepts and give volume to colors, solids, body parts, different times and places; The high frequency of human-oriented metaphors shows that everything is alive and dynamic in the poet's cognitive world. In Najdi poetry, the use of power-type visual schemas is less compared to volume, movement, and visualization types. More use of power schemes of the second and third type indicates the warrior and invincible spirit of the poet.

Abstract In this article, an attempt is made to analyze and psychologically examine the main characters of the play Mr. Asrari's Press World by Bahram Bayzaei from the perspective of the Five Factor Model (FFM) of Robert McCrae and Paul Costa. Modir and Shirzad are the two main characters of the play, whose story revolves around their actions and speech. The approach of trait psychology believes that by knowing and examining people's personality traits, their behavior can be predicted. One of the important theorists in trait psychology are Robert McCrae and Paul Costa. They identified five main factors of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness for the trait.The purpose of this article is to answer these questions, how to analyze the characters of Modir and Shirzad with the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality, and also how the sub-traits of the five main traits are shown in the formation of the two mentioned characters. This article analyzes the characters by describing the personality questionnaire of Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, as well as by examining and studying the dialogues and actions in the text of the play. The method of collecting library information is to review and read the text of the play. The method used in this research is the descriptive-analytical method in which the selected characters have been examined and analyzed according to their coordination and overlap with the mentioned psychological theory. The results show that the Modir is not neurotic in factor N (neuroticism). In factor E (extraversion), it is extroverted. In factor O (openness), he is dogmatic and bigoted. It is not consistent in factor A (agreeableness). In factor C (conscientiousness) he is conscientious. The character of Shirzad in factor N (neuroticism) is neurotic. In factor E (extroversion), it is introverted. It is experiential in the O factor (openness). It is consistent in factor A (agreeableness). In factor C (conscientiousness) he is conscientious.

Abstract Even though the story of love is as old as literature, it has found different resplendency with the change of discourses. Love has no substantial linkage with politics; but as a human secular and humanist action, it can affect the politics as a symbol, and for this reason, it takes a revolutionary concept, and becomes mighty. Just as literature is not limited to political literature, love is not limited to political love either. One of the most obvious policies of literature is to benefit from the politics of love. Narratives of love from the most ancient times to contemporary romances show that the most important element of love is “violation of the conventional”; A secret that turns love into a taboo also speaks of politics. On the other side, the love appearances in literature is not continuum; while the concepts of surrounding culture of beliefs turns to a change, love also changes its function simultaneously. Modern romances, beyond the conventional representations of lyrical literature, have had an active presence in the contemporary era; the poetry of decade forty is a subject-oriented poem; but the politic of love in the decade seventy is to avoid resistance; and it shows that the poets have lost their subjectivity. Thus, in order to achieve these representations, one should pay attention to the epistemological breaks of love. Poets such as Shamlou and Farrokhzad are in open conflict with dominant discourses, and Shams Langroudi in the second period of his poetic life, by distancing himself from ideological poetry and turning to romance, becomes another breaking point.

Abstract Sohrab Sepehri has always been known as one of the most skilled and creative poets of the contemporary era of Persian literature. This poet's poems originate from his feelings, pure and gentle mysticism, and at the same time, they have a special complexity that sometimes the reader needs more time to understand them better. Going through English literature, we come across a literary school called "Metaphysics" which originated in the 17th century but was introduced to the world long after the 17th century. Metaphysical works such as Sepehri's works have mysticism and subtle complexity. In this essay, an effort is made to find the precious work of this contemporary Iranian poet; That is, eight books should be examined in terms of the characteristics of the metaphysical school in order to clarify the extent of its similarity and influence from this European school. The method used in this research is the descriptive-analytical method based on which 22 samples of poems were extracted from eight books and analyzed. To be precise, 5 examples from the book of the green volume, 5 examples from the traveller's book, 5 examples from the book of the sound of water's feet, 3 examples from the book of Avar Aftab, 2 examples from the book of Death and Color, and one each from the two books of East Sorrow and Life of Dreams. An example has been investigated in this research. In the writing of eight books, all metaphysical elements have been used except for the method of philosophical debate. Of course, it should be noted that Sepehri uses some of these features in his own way; All the Christian mysticism of the metaphysical school in eight books become the foundations of Western and Eastern mysticism and Islam, and the love that is sometimes mixed with lust in metaphysics becomes a pure and holy love. Also, the characteristic of sudden beginning and dramaticness, which are accompanied by each other in metaphysical poetry, can be seen separately in this work, but Sepehri acts according to the metaphysical school in applying other characteristics; His method of using complex worldly themes and metaphors, familiarizing metaphors and similes, contradictory interpretations, colloquialism and brevity of words is based on metaphysical indicators, and from this point of view, Sohrab Sepehri's works are consistent with the characteristics of the metaphysical school.

Abstract Reza Brahni is considered one of the most prominent characters in contemporary literature. Despite the large volume of his poetic works, the three books of Zalullah, Ismail, and Address to the Butterflies and the latter are his most influential works. On the other hand, Brahni's name is intertwined with postmodernism, and many critics consider Parvaneh's address to be the most important contemporary Persian postmodernist book in the field of poetry. However, another work of Brahni, Ismail's long poem, which was written before the address to the butterflies,It also has traces of postmodernism. In this research, the author has analyzed the descriptive-analytical method of Ismail's poetry and some of the postmodern works of the world, looking at the issues raised in mythology and the postmodern components of Ismail's poetry and found these components in it. The result of this research shows the presence of postmodern components in Ismail's poetry; In such a way that it can be seen as the beginning - albeit a weak one - of postmodernism in contemporary Iranian poetry.

Abstract The poem by Sohrab Sepehri(1928- 1980) narrates his perspective on himself, humanity, and existence. He endeavors to depict how human interaction with the world and achieving unity with it through an artistic language. Humanistic psychology also considers the meaning of life to be in self-awareness and the realization of the “self,” interpreting it as “self-actualization” and seeks it in the “being” of the individual and in “how to truly experience reality,” which organizes the field of appearance. Achieving this goal is contingent upon harmony between the field of appearance, the limbs, the real self, and the ideal self. The field of appearance is the way an individual interprets themselves and the world, and the ideal self is the self that a person desires to be. Self-actualization occurs when the gap between the real self and the ideal self diminishes. Sepehri’s view of existence is phenomenological. The movement towards unity with existence and the emergence of the ideal self are the pulse of his poems. This article seeks to answer questions such as: What is the process of formation and components of the real self and the ideal self in Sepehri’s poems? And what impact does Sepehri’s field of appearance have on their formation? The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library data collection. According to the research findings, the sources of Sepehri’s field of appearance are extensive, with nature being the most important source and inspiring purity, honesty, and unity. The real self of Sohrab consists of material, physical, intellectual, and emotional aspects. The components of the real self narrate the scattering of his existence. The ideal self is the destination of Sepehri’s quests and revelations. Its constituent elements are considered the factor of harmony between the scattered aspects of Sepehri’s real self and his ideal self, and the key to his self-actualization, resulting in complete self-discovery.

Abstract Double-voiced discourse is a term that Bakhtin has introduced in his theory of polyphony. In this approach, the author’s voice is manifested in the text through literary techniques including stylization or style-switching, parody, oral discourse resonance, and hidden polemic discourse. Against this background, the present study examines two war novels: Mohammadreza Kateb’s Blue Mondays of the Month as well as Ernest Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls. The research method utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on library documents to analyze and compare the two aforementioned novels. The objective of this study is to discover the hidden voice of the text that the author displays using various techniques. The research demonstrates that characterization in both novels is achieved through the naming of characters. In Kateb’s novel in the form of the nonchalant behavior of the sniper in a war situation and in Hemingway’s novel in the form of the hero’s passionate behavior and words in a sensitive and extravagant situation. Oral discourse in the Iranian novel echoes Baba’s weaknesses within the text, while the American novel explores the devastating consequences of war and prioritizes political interests over regional security. Hidden polemical discourse is present in Kateb’s novel, as the engineer’s discourse reveals both Baba’s sympathetic and serious voices. Similarly, in Hemingway’s novel, Pablo’s commanding voice is subtly present in Pilar’s words, while Maria’s words reflect Pilar’s femininity. Furthermore, Robert’s voice carries the discourse of the Republican party.