Contemporary Persian Literature

Abstract With the emergence of the constitutional revolution in Iran, Iranian women became more aware of their rights and position and became more willing to work in social fields. In the meantime, by writing critical poems, Parvin Etisami became the voice of women who were deprived of many rights and isolated throughout history under the rule of the patriarchal system. Parveen criticizes social injustices in his poems and criticizes the difficult situation of women in the society. According to French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002) in his book "Male Dominance", women also participate in this domination over themselves and become complicit with the dominators. Because during a historical process, social actors institutionalize the male point of view in the form of self-evident beliefs (doxa) in men and women and make the acceptance of such a point of view appear natural in the mentality of society. The purpose of this article is to analyze the perspective of male authority in the world of thought and poems of Parvin Etisami based on the sociological theory of Pierre Bourdieu. Therefore, with the descriptive-analytical method and using Bourdieu's sociological foundations, he examines the effects of male authority in the world of Parvin's thoughts and poems. According to the findings of this article, although Parvin criticizes male authority in some of his poems, in general, he has a dual and paradoxical position in this field. By following the style of the poets of the past, he aligns himself with the institution of male literature. In his poems, women's spiritual and emotional details are not so prominent, and his language features are not distinguished from men's language. It seems that male authority has taken root in the unconscious depths of Parvin's mind.Abstract

Abstract Analyzing supplmented and applied language and linking it with social concepts is one of the main goals of Critical Discourse Analysis and Norman Fairclough emphasizes "change" in analyzing the factor of critical discourse using the same goal. Among the excellent examples of this type of usage, we can mention the changes and evolutions of phonological processes in the new poems of Mahdi Akhavan Sales (M. Omid). The purpose of compiling this article, in which the method of collecting information is library, the method of data analysis is qualitative and the reasoning method is inductive, is to classify the phonological processes of reduction and reduplication in the new poems of Mahdi Akhavan Sales, and the critical discourse analysis is based on the triple models of Norman Farclough that is description, interpretation and explanation, so that the unsaid and white lines of the application of these processes in the new poems of Mahdi Akhavan Sales can be determined in this way. Processes that the poet in his conscious mind apparently did not pay any attention to the frequency of their use, but only tried to make the language of his native people serve to express concepts by using archaism and nativism and the literary backgrounds of Khorasani 's style; But the high frequency of using the phonological process of reduction compared to the phonological process of reduplication should be searched in the unconscious of the poet and his actions and socio-political approach and ideology of his era.

Abstract In the epistemological perspective of Sohrab Sepehri, the intuitive view in interaction with art plays a fundamental role in developing the scope of knowledge and discovering the truth and angles of existence. This artist-poet has once again recreated the affairs and phenomena of existence with a deep and artistic look by passing from the inevitable and imposed constraints of the conventional reality and the usual view. He has used the capabilities and capacities of art to describe and interpret the unknown and unknowable things, convey the perceptual content and life experiences, poetic emotions and other observations in order to expand the boundaries of knowledge and discover the truth. The meaning of artistic re-creation is that the artist, in a pure transformation of understanding and attitude, by transitioning from symbolic knowledge that only shows the procedures and a limited aspect of the subject of knowledge, achieves intuitive knowledge and removes the original facts. Recreate contractual concepts and remove intermediaries. Sepehri with different approaches and methods, including: 1- visualization and experimentalization of situations, findings and perceptual content; 2- Change in the junction and horizon of vision; 3- Using the concepts and terms of different sciences; 4- Philosophical thought and perspective has gone beyond symbolic knowledge and with the artistic interpretation of his life-world, he has devoted himself to the development of the boundaries of knowledge and understanding

Abstract Abstract

The institution of the family and the methods of representing it in literary works, including fiction, have been considered in every era. Sometimes authors are attracted to writing family-centered stories relying on their knowledge of the family situation in their era. One of the issues of interest in sociology studies regarding this institution is the issue of power. Identifying the methods of distribution of power in the family shows many social changes that have occurred over time. Due to the increasing rate of these developments and their impact on the structure and function of the family, as well as the future of this institution, the durability or collapse of the traditional and modern forms of the family has become one of the most important preoccupations of sociological thinkers. In this research, based on sociological studies in the field of family, as well as the opinions of different thinkers in the field of power, the structure of power distribution and the methods of its application, the type of resistance to power and the sources of power generation in family relationships in 87 contemporary short stories by seven contemporary Persian authors in the decades 1960s to 2010s were examined; with the aim of clarifying whether in these stories, the power structure in the family is one-sided and asymmetrical, or based on the model of equal rights. It should also be clarified whether the authors were able to draw a picture of the current state of the family institution in Iran despite the existing restrictions and prohibitions. The results show that in these stories, the family structure is semi-symmetrical, non-linear and a combination of intimacy and dominance in line with the balance of tradition and modernity. The methods of exercising power are expressed in two ways: persuasion and coercion; but the type of resistance is more passive due to the adherence of members, especially women, to traditions and customs . From among power-generating sources in family relationships in contemporary short-stories, traditional beliefs and social status are given priority and next to them, we have the following issues: emotional dependency; men’s job dignity; women’s employment; education; men’s powerlessness, and women’s self-esteem and superstitious ideas.



Key words: Contemporary Literature, Family, Short story, Power, Power in Family

Abstract The present research examines the characters of the novel The Last Lady's Game written by Belqis Soleimani (born in 1342) in the framework of Dr. William Benham's personality theory based on the connection between typology and the seven planets. Ben also tried to present a complete and clear picture of the individual by linking the personality and the seven planets; Because personality is a fundamental and important topic in psychology that leads to judgment about the main nature of a person. The author of the novel, in characterization with the attitude to the people of the society and real characters, creates prototypes with the help of his imagination in order to show their nature. Character and characterization are the most important elements of a novel. The present research tries to answer the main question using the descriptive-analytical method, according to Ben Ham's theory of personality, which character is more similar to the mentioned theory? According to the findings of the research, Kiwani's personality type is closer to the lady's personality, which indicates the sadness, fatigue and bitterness of her life.

Abstract Among the contemporary story writers, Moniro Ravanipour has talked about nature and the direct and indirect relationship of its elements with human life, especially the female sex. Therefore, nature is considered one of the foundations of this author's stories. On the other hand, many feminist movements in the contemporary era emphasize the destructive role of men in the ecosystem. Referring to the historical oppression of men against women, these feminist movements emphasize that gender discrimination has not only harmed the interests of women, but has also threatened nature with complete destruction. In the present research, citing library sources, the method of qualitative data analysis and the method of inductive reasoning of the collection of stories of the devil's stones by Moniro Ravanipour are analyzed with the framework of the theory of eco-feminism in mind. Finally, the role of women in arranging the nature and the relationship with its manifestations should be revealed, and also, the destructive function of men in this field should be discussed. In this research, among the approaches of this theory, the basics of cultural/symbolic interaction have been mentioned, which states that women and nature are conceptually, symbolically and culturally related. The results of the research show that the female characters in the novel The Devil's Stones share the characteristics of fertility, childbirth and nutrition with nature. Also, the symbolic view of these elements can be seen in the lower layers of Moniro Ravanipour’s thoughts. In addition, things such as the vividness of the elements of nature from the perspective of women, the tendency of women to magic, the representation and creation of dualities of man/nature as well as woman/man, women's special interpretations and readings of environmental changes, the effects of distance The taking of man from nature has been reflected in the collection of Satan's Stones, which in all cases is consistent with the principles of eco-feminism.

Abstract Abstract

The main issue of the present article is to study the left discourse of Marxist in Behazin's stories from his first collection of short stories Scattered (1944) to the revolution of 1979, which ends with the play Kaveh (1977). The authors intend to show how Behazin, as a writer who joined the Tudeh party whereas is against the government's accepted discourse, takes a stand against the government's discourse by writing real or symbolic stories and tries to reflect his own accepted discourse. In addition, this historical review will show the author's transition from the beginning of his membership in the party to their defeat in the mirror of his works. Laclau and mouffe’s discourse analysis method is used to analyze the discourse of mentioned stories, with an emphasis on the central and floating signifiers in each story. This research concluded that Behazin, as a writer committed to party and generally leftist ideals, from the beginning of his fiction writing, when he had just become a member of the Tudeh Party until 1979, tries to reflect the left discourse and hegemony against the discourse of western imperialism. Her belief in committed art has prevented her from fully following the principles of fiction writing, and most of her stories in this context have been written in the service of reflecting Leftist ideology.

Abstract plays)

Bahram Beyzaei is one of the playwrights who has depicted the contemporary world in the most beautiful way possible through the element of conversation and dialogue. Modernity, progress, technology, industry and finally the ridiculous world they have created for people in the society. Beyzaei has artistically put all the words and terms of conversation together in such a way that the tension and vulnerability of the characters in certain situations can be easily evaluated. A different technique that distinguishes Beyzaei from other playwrights is that he uses the characters of the play as the narrators of the work, and he does this with dialogue between the characters, autobiography, and dramatic monologues of the characters in the story. In this research, with the descriptive method and content analysis, the artistic functions of the dialogue element in Elliptical plays have been examined and analyzed. This author has given different functions to the dialogue element through character disclosure, symbolic typification and creation of new situations in his plays. The results of the research show that the creativity and innovation that Beyzaei has used in the narration of some of his plays is in the design of the plot and plot, which places the climax of the play at the beginning of the story. And it does this through dialogue and the words of the characters in the story. In other words, in order to avoid repetition in the narrative, Beyzaei resorted to the element of dialogue to depict many of the religious features and themes of the play in a different atmosphere.

Abstract In this article, the short story "Persian is sugar " from the collection of stories "Once upon a time" the first fiction of Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh, considering the critical stylistic components of Leslie Jeffries, has been examined and analyzed. The main issue of the article is that with these components, recognizing the hidden layers of the text and discovering the relationships between "ideology", "power", and "critical discourse" can be done with more order and ease. The components of critical stylistics from Jeffries' point of view are: 1-Naming and describing 2-Representation of actions, events and situations 3-Synonymy and opposition 4- Exemplification and naming 5-Prioritization 6-Implicit meanings and assumption and implication 7-Negation 8-Making hypotheses 9-Presenting the words and thoughts of other participants 10-Representing time, place and society. According to the linguistic structure and social and cultural analyzes in this story, Jeffries' ten components have great efficiency and capability in the evaluation and analysis of this work and can provide significant findings for research. The representation of situations, events, and actions has a significant difference compared to other components in this story. Components such as representing society, creating hypotheses and expressing the thoughts of others have the least frequency in this story. The working method of this article is descriptive-analytical and comparative using library resources. This research has many innovations and novelties, which can be seen both in the method of investigation and analysis and in the quality of obtaining data and findings. One of the advantages of this method is mixing the issues of stylistics, criticism and grammar, and it is based on cultural and sociological analyzes that analyze between the superstructure and the deep structure of the language of the text.Jeffries intended components to objectify research and systematize research have more advantages compared to critical discourse analysis and other similar methods.

Abstract Semiotics is the targeted study of the factors that are involved in the production and meaning of signs or the signification process. This science examines signs and their semantic relationship in a single syndrome system. Social semiotics, as one of the branches of semiotics, is one of the important approaches of attitude towards meaning, whose main goal is to find meaning from human behavior in social life. The novel, which is the place of representation of social events, is one of the most important and significant platforms for analyzing and finding meaning from the perspective of social semiotics. Jamshid and Jamek's research novel with the mythological narrative of Jamshid's life contains many social signs. In this research, by adopting the qualitative method, we have analyzed the semiotics of the ciphers in this novel. The obtained results show that, based on Pierre Giroud's point of view, signs related to identity such as sleep, place and food have implicit meanings such as "being seduced by the devil", "importance to people from Jamshid" and "the direct effect of food on the soul and personality of a person." And signs related to social etiquette, such as tones and idioms with the meaning of "informing and warning" are among the most used signs in this novel.

Abstract In the contemporary world, by passing the universal epistemological-disciplinary system and the aristocratic/class belief of the classical world, it became possible to pay attention to the individual world and the individuality of individuals, and the identity of textual subjects based on their lifestyles and types of personal and social capitals is the subject of representation, Literary narratives were placed. Based on this, the lack of some capitals or a defect in them, which is supposed to be a form of stigma of the subjects, was narrated. Among the contemporary Persian novelists, Sadegh Hedayat is one of the most prominent representatives of the forms of stigma and the discourse of rejection associated with it. In this writing, the stigma of the subjects and the discourse of rejection associated with them have been guided and interpreted in several honest short stories. The result shows that the narrator of Hedayat's stories in the representation of the textual subjects has represented their grief in the form of three physical, personality/psychological and tribal/kinship forms, which are the basis for the formation of some of them such as The noble status of the story of Bonbast and Davood Ggozheposht is seen as a historical or philosophical matter, and in some cases, the basis of the disgrace of subjects such as Abji-khanom, Ismat-al-Sadat, Hassan and Haji Murad is a historical matter; It is the result of unbalanced social relations. What is important is that the representation of the mentioned cases, on the one hand, indicates the desperation of the current human being along with individuality and independence arising from contemporary individualism, on the other hand, it contains aspects of philosophical and social questions/objections that were previously They are not formulated in this way; Although, in some cases, the position of the hidden author of the stories and in continuation of that, the narrator's personal view has also had an effect on the intensification or frequency of the mentioned questions/objections.

Abstract Lateral thinking is the process of de stereotyping of usual methods of thinking. Some of these methods, including "Inversion", "Subrogation", "Contradiction" and "Metaphor" can be adapted to the function of binary opposition in the story text. Using these, in binary opposition of teenager's story can provides an opportunity to conceptualizing and theorizing for teenage audience. In this research, using the descriptive method and quantitative and qualitative data, this issue has been compared in two genres: Fantasy and Social. The fantasy story "Return Of Hordad", using the metaphor, and the social story "Of her crumby twelve fingers", using the inversion, creatively narrate the worldview of teenagers; But they are also different: The first story, in a metaphorical but normative space, guides teenager into specific theorizing; But the second, by social and critical approach and using inverting, dominates the worldview of teenagers and provides the possibility of spontaneous conceptualization.