Contemporary Persian Literature

Abstract New techniques of story-writing in the West have had a significant impact on Iranian fiction. Aspects of modern techniques can be found in short stories published in the past few years. One of these techniques is meta-fiction.
In this article, several short stories published in 1990’s and 2000’s written by various authors are analyzed. The authors of these stories have used a variety of techniques to create the meta-fiction which are introduced and investigated in this study. It is shown how the use of such techniques has led to the creation of meta-fiction and what effect it has on the form and content of the story.

Abstract The 1980’s is the decade of growth and development of social novels in Iran. The theme of some novels is about family relationship.
The present study attempts to analyze the model of family relationship in novels. As a result of this study, it is revealed that the authors reflect the social relationship in family connections. The relationship between husband and wife, parents and children, women and marriages are analyzed in seven novels.

Abstract If we do not consider knowledge of the literary theories obligatory for every student and researcher who works in the world of literature, we should at least consider lack of knowledge in this regard a manifest deficeit.
World literature today is studied based on theories, traditions, and schools of thought. This helps our literary and philosophical understanding of the text. In this article we have made an attempt to approach Hafiz with the help of some well-known principles and ideas of Western critics, and reread Hafiz based on those ideas and principles. In this reading, we will deal with Hafiz comprehensively from the perspective of the principles of Classicism, Formalism, Structuralism, Post-Structuralism, and political literature. Finally, we conclude that Hafiz poetry is a leading, comprehensive, encyclopaedic, lively and dynamic text.

Abstract The tendency towards writing psychological stories is considered as the most important flow in the modern story writing. In this storytelling style, the author attempts to delve into mind of the character/ s to find out more about their spiritual life. Amongst the female Iranian authors, Mansoureh Hosseini is the first one who has created stories using a style close to the stream of consciousness. Muddy Boot is the only story of this newly deceased author and painter which has not been studied at all.
This paper tries to make a structural analysis of the plot of this story and illustrate its modern features given the samples taken from the text. It is concluded that Mansoureh Hosseini had been able to create a modern story with psychological tendency through the use of inner monologues and burrowing the things that go on in the mind of the main character.

Abstract At resent centuries and following of Iranians communication with western countries and attempt to modernize Iran in varius industrial, military, instructional and cultural areas, and so, Iranian broad-minded acquaintance with western reflectives, modern thoughts have remained great effect an all of us-Iranian lives spaces specially art and literature. Iran's today poem, also at constitutional period, starts its direction toward change and transition by some poet's new searches. So that, "Nima Youshij", as a "father of new Persian poem" establishes a new foundation at Persian poem area which later, his followers and same-minded men follow his path. By being more complicat political, cultural and social occasions and broad-minded and translators acquaintance with modern world poem, some poets go beyond Nima's bteaking with tradition and destroyed completely the Nimaian's poem structure and looking for a new circulation in today poem. This study seeks to answer the question that; is introduction of "Manouchehr Atashi" (Sorna) with modern west literature cause to influenced him and reflects that thought and feauters in his poetry and his thoughts or not? And if yes, to what extent this introduction has effected on Atashi’s poetry?
The result of paper is Manouchehr Atashi’s familiarity with literature and poetry and poets of West has tangible and fundamental change on his ideas and his poetry, In a way that utilizes this view and fresh insights to the world, he has become one of avant-gard poet in this field in Persian poetry and these effects in the linguistic levels (nominal) and the content of his poetry is remarkable.

Abstract In the sociology of literature as one of the branches of sociology of art studies, the composition and function of literature and the relation between society and literature, the external elements are mostly considered when analyzing literary works. From this viewpoint, the literature of every nation can present hypothetical illustrations from existing realities and provide general points of society’s history as a social document for researchers and thinkers in this field. In the present study, political poems of Sepideh Kashani and Nazik al-Malaika (two of the Persian and Arab modernist poets) are analyzed by using a descriptive-analytic and statistical method. The analysis indicates similar political themes like war and related issues, which refer to political events, political issues of other countries, important political figures, women, struggle, etc. in the poems of both poets. The results reveal the differences between the two poets which are due to the special environmental conditions of both of them. Undoubtedly, both poets are influenced by social and political contexts of their own time. In addition, referring to active participation of women in social and literary fields can be a clear confirmation of literature’s social theory.

Abstract A series of factors distinguish the poetry from everyday language, tone and balance through the resurrection of the musical language of words are called musical groups, which in turn, has factors such as the external, lateral, internal and spiritual music that is more or less known. But it has some unknown factors too which can only be felt and sometimes are visual, adding to the pleasure the reader gets from reading the poem. Shafiei Kadkani, a great contemporary poet has paid special attention to the poetic music and has used various musical poetic effects. Shafiei Kadkani is a great expert in poetic music and that he knows well about the coordination between music, emotion and meaning of poetry and the great effect of these factors on the understanding and pleasure of the readers. Given the above said facts, the question is what elements are effective in the music of Kadkani’s poems other than already known ones?
This paper aims at examining other unknown musical factors in poems of the Shafiei Kadkani that are felt and somehow play a role in creating, strengthening or changing the poetic music in his works. By studying all the poems in the book Second Millennium of Mountain Deer, it is concluded that visual musical elements such as cuts within the hemistich and verbal elements such as archaism are very effective in the music of poems by Shafiei Kadkani.