Contemporary Persian Literature

Abstract As a modern genre in literature, the biographical novel occurs in light of philosophical, social and cultural developments, taking an evolutionary process. The present study has attempted to consider the transition of a biography to a biographical novel, as well as to explain the intellectual discussions and controversies led to this Genre. In addition, the research introduces some of aesthetic values for biographical novel, using a descriptive-analytical method. By emphasizing on the interdisciplinary nature of a biographical novel, this study shows that this modern genre is a field that represents the interactions among literature and the other fields such as science and art, so we can name this new genre as “Hybrid Genre” which matches with today’s multifaceted world. At the content aspect, the biographical novel turns from history to the individual, emphasizing on the role of human in making history, and at the form level, it enjoys special aesthetic values consistent with its content. The study has focused on “Qalandar and Qala” (the Sufi saint and the Castle), a novel written by Seyed Yahya Yathrebi as a biographical novel. The novel based on biography of Shihabaddin Suhrawardi a Iranian philosopher and founder of the Iranian school of Illuminationism in 12th century, and his philosophical thoughts. In this novel the symbol has played a central role as an aesthetic value. Moreover, the representation of a biography in a biographical novel has created discourses, having emerged because of the author’s attitude towards the subject, which are in accordance with the process of perceiving Suhravardi's thoughts.

Abstract Structuralism, as a school in linguistics and humanities, plays a prominent role in the analysis of narrative types. "Roland Barthes" as one of the most prominent inheritors of structuralism with several planning theories around narratology, introduced structuralists to new achievements in the analysis of texts. He revealed the distinction of "Texts Types" by using the "Five Codes" approach. In this distinction, texts are divided into two categories: "Readable" and "Writable". Facing each of these two texts, the audience is placed in a "Passive" or "Dynamic" position. "Five Codes" and its quality in the text clearly reveal the distinction between these two texts and the two readers. In the meantime, Persian fictional literature and especially the Sacred Defense Literature can also be placed in the place of reviews such as "Comparison of Texts" and "Five Codes Analysis". The present research, with a descriptive-analytical analysis and based on the short story "I am the killer of your son" written by "Ahmed Dehghan", through the approach of "Five Codes" seeks to investigate the structures that shape this work. According to the results of this research, the current literature in the text of the story is primarily dependent on "Hermeneutic Codes". These codes play a fundamental role in creating tension and suspense in the story, and the codes "Proairetic" and "Semantic" also reveal the rich story functions and descriptions along with this feature. As the low frequency of "Symbolic Codes" and "Cultural" indicates the realistic approach of the story.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the family structure in selected novels for teenagers based on Boerman's point of view. Boerman considers seven patterns and structures for the family. This essay examines Boerman's seven-fold structure in the novels of Hasti, man nowkare baba nistam, and asheghanehaye yunes dar shekame mahi' , using the method of content analysis, in order to determine what the family structure is like in the novels in question, and the teenager What is the role and place of being a member of the family in this structure? And which of Boerman's structures is more reflected in the studied novels? The method of gathering information is by examining and analyzing the content of works and library documents. The results of the research showed that among the desired patterns and structures, authoritarian structures, non-intervention and free and condescension were seen in all the studied novels. The structure based on equality was only one case and democratic and benevolent structures were not observed in any of the novels, which shows the passive and weak role of teenage characters in important family decisions. The role of mother as a member of the family has a different function in novels. In the novel Hasti, the mother plays the role of the supporter of Hasti; As it is, with the support of this support, he was able to change his father's authoritarian and authoritarian personality. In the novel man nowkare baba nistam, the mother has a passive role.

Abstract This article is the result of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi's collaboration with us as a literary researcher about The past of old people. The main topic is the investigation of time’s poetic in relation to space.

It rarely happens that an article criticizing a work is written with the participation of the author of the same work. If the reader of this novel is familiar with Dowlatabadi's life, he will easily understand that his book is an autofiction. The difference between autofiction and autobiography is that the author's imagination in the first type, compared to the second, more easily affects the process of defining the narrator's life. According to Freud, by using his phantasmagoric activity, a person recreates the events of his life and his relatives and in this way, he represents a reality that has been transformed. In many autobiographies, the author assumes childhood as the starting point of his story, then, he narrates events that bring him to adulthood, sometimes to old age. But in The past of old people, unlike autobiographical writing, the author refers to the early death of the main character's grandfather to show the starting point of the story. In other words, the beginning of this autofiction is the story of an unexpected death, the consequences of which will affect the lives of the descendants of the main character. The fact that the author chose death as the starting point of the story causes the entire poetic of novel changed and childhood is mixed with death. At the same time, to show this transformation and the threat of death, the author uses elements that make the novel distance itself from the realistic time and turn into autofiction. Identifying and analyzing these elements is the main foundation of our research. Consulting with Dowlatabadi and including his opinions in this article has created a good opportunity to improve the content of our research, and he can discover his work with hidden effects

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this research is to analyze the content and citations of the scientific journal of Adabiyat-e-Parsi-e-Moaser(contemporary Persian literature) in the 10-year period of its publication.

Methodology: The type of this research is applied one and in terms of methodology, it was done by content and citation analysis method and scientometrics techniques. The statistical population under investigation included 265 articles published from the founding year of 1390 to 1400 of Contemporary Persian Literature Magazine.

Findings: The research findings showed, Journal of the stylistic of Persian poem and prose (JSPPP), Culture and Folk Literature, Research on Fictional Literature the most citations have been given to the Contemporary Persian Literature (COPL). The reference network of the journal was checked. According to Literary Criticism, Translation Researches in the Arabic Language and Literature, Literary research and comparative literature studies, Language Related Research, Quarterly Scientific Journal of Language Research, Literary Text Research articles received the highest number of references from the Contemporary Persian Literature (COPL). Abolghasem Radfar, Zahra Parsapoor, seyedeh Maryam Ameli Rezaei, Issa Amankhani, Parsa Yaghoobi Janbeh Saraei, Ghodrat Ghasemipour, contributed the most to its scientific production by publishing 5 articles in the journal. article by Pournamdarian, Radfar and Shakri (2013) had the most citations among 265 reviewed items.The authors of Human Sciences and Cultural Studies Research Institute had the largest share of publishing articles in the journal with 33 articles. The findings showed the effective role of the journal in improving the visibility of the authors of the research institute. In order to improve the visibility of journal in web, it was suggested that the journal be indexed in non-Persian authoritative international scientific databases.

Results: In general, it is possible to recognize the growth of the quality of articles in the contemporary Persian literature magazine in terms of the number of references over time. The results showed the effective role of the magazine in improving the visibility of the authors of the research institute. The high half-life of citations, scientific collaborations between different researchers from many universities and institutions in the country, and the high number of citations to journal articles are some of the noteworthy and important results of this research.

Abstract One of the branches of the school of realism is magical realism, which is an innovative and new way of writing stories, in which the elements of reality and fantasy are combined in such a way that the border between them is not easily recognizable and the reader easily accepts it, in fiction works, attention to magical realism has been paid attention to by writers in order to know more about this school. In this research, an attempt has been made to theoretically examine this writing style in the novel Village by Ilami writer Mohammad Moulai, and that dealing with magical realism can bring another lens of native fiction to the audience. Moulai, in paying attention to magical realism, includes components such as realistic description of details, the role of talismans and demons, the use of magic and jinn, the use of imagination and illusion, amazing events, duality and opposition, symbolism and mystery. He has used conflict, voluntary silence, specific timing, exaggeration, local customs and superstitions. The author establishes a close connection between the world he created in the village and the real world and has used a believable tone in combining reality with imagination. The author's thinking in creating magical realism in the village novel is rooted in thoughts and ideas that are associated with the supernatural factor. Benefiting from the factor of magic and genie have the highest frequency and the use of conflict has the lowest frequency in the village novel. The author's use of magic and the group of goblins has caused the element of fantasy to come along with the author in this composition and create otherworldly images.

Abstract Nima Yoshij was nicknamed "Father of New Poetry" due to the new style and format he created in Persian poetry. But Nima was not alone in the difficult path of popularizing and consolidating his new format, and his fans and followers rushed to help him. Mahdi Akhavan-Sales is one of the most significant followers of Nima, who, according to many researchers, has a prominent position in the field of introducing Nima's poetry and its characteristics. This article tries to explain Akhavan-Sales real position in this field. For this purpose, first by exploring the publications of the first four decades of the 14th century, identifying the pre- Akhavan authors and examining their articles and writings, then the article "A Kind of Weight in Modern Persian Poetry" as the most important and influential article of the Akhwan about Nima and the analysis and the reasons for the importance of this article and its prominent position in the field of Nima studies are explained under five sections. In the end, it is clear that despite the effective steps taken by other researchers to introduce Nima and his poetry, the Akhavan article was a very important and influential step in theorizing and introducing Nima'i poetry, its subtleties and capacities, and in the attention of traditionalist academics to this emerging format. It had a significant impact.

Abstract Despite the global popularity of collective narrative mode, which has gained momentum after the phenomenon of narrative turn, this type of narrative has not received much attention in Iran in terms of theoretical exposition. Especially in the field of literature, despite the abundance of narrative examples, there are only a few cohesive studies on this narrative form. This research, based on a poststructuralist approach in narrative studies, aims to initially define the nature and boundaries of this mode through a cognitive perspective, utilizing the philosophy of mind and action. Furthermore, it seeks to demonstrate the different manifestations of this narrative mode and introduce criteria for distinguishing between narrative genres. The main finding is that the primary difference in collective narrative forms lies in the narrative focal point; the narrative focal point can be the distinguishing factor between narratives that are read collectively versus narratives that have a collective narrative agent (explicitly referred to as "we-narratives"). In a secondary perspective, the focus of this research, namely "we-narratives," is differentiated based on a narrative perspective. The narrative perspective determines the boundaries of access to/privacy of characters' minds and consequently determines the level of unity among the narrative voices in our narrative. Finally, an attempt has been made to provide a proposed classification for different levels of "we-narratives" based on the degree of foregrounding of the constitutive characters of the "we-narrator," in order to shed light on the distinctive structure of collective narrative with a first-person plural narrative agent.

Abstract The study of lyric novel as a subdivision of lyric literature is considered as a new field of study in story criticism that its history goes back to recent decades when it was Eileen Baldeshweiler, who used the topic of lyric story in her essay (1969) for the first time and for some stories that contain the especial elements of lyric novel. After that, some other eminent scholars such as Ralph freeman and Jonathan culler have expanded the horizons of this study and thus today there are some more exact and scientific criteria for the ones who are interested in studying the domain of lyric novel. Baldeshweiler,s theory actually is specific to lyric short story but the principles and elements that she offered and depicted, can be used to novels too. Her theory includes some original main components such as poetic tone of the story, using repetitive symbols in story and emotional flux however she has taken some elements from the previous scholars, views and developed them into a component of lyric story. The component of objective correlative can be mentioned for an example. The given component has been originally raised by T.S Eliot for the first time in 1946.

Based on what was said, the present essay is going to study the novel of solook by Mahmoud dowlat Abadi on based on Baldeshweiler,s theory of lyric story. In the present study, this question was answered: what elements and factors have characterized the solook novel as a modern lyric story?

The results show that solook can be considered as one of the best examples of lyric novel in Persian literature because the most important features of lyric story raised in Baldeshweiler,s such as poetic tone, symbolism and emotional flux are found in it with high frequency and considerable quality.

Key words: lyric novel. Solook. Mahmoud dowlat Abadi .Eileen Baldeshweiler

Abstract Mystical culture and tradition in Persian literature has a long background in the history and culture of Iran-land. The propositions of this mystical tradition can be found in ancient Persian literature and in the doctrines of Mehr, Zorvan and Mazdayasna, then in classical Persian mystical works and then in contemporary Persian fiction. Influenced by the postmodern social atmosphere, contemporary fiction has given a new structure to mystical culture and changed the classical structures and sometimes criticized it. He main issue is how this postmodern atmosphere was able to break the classical structures of mysticism and form new views? Also, what perspective has replaced it? In this research, the components related to mystical culture in one of the prominent works of Houshang Golshiri, titled Barreh-ye Gomshodeh-ye ra'i (Ra'i's Lost Lamb), have been analyzed. The aim of the research is to extract and explain the elements related to the mystical culture to identify the contemporaries' view of the mystical culture. This review shows that the novel author's critical view of mystical categories is explained in the form of introducing two characters "Ra'i" and "Sheikh Badroddin" and through that, how contemporary man encounters the Sufi heritage is introduced and analyzed. Criticism of some views based on habit in mystical and religious categories, criticism of propositions, terms and mystical concepts in relation to Sufis claiming to be related to those in power, philosophical and social aspect of some concepts related to mystical heritage and the contrast between devotional asceticism and romantic mysticism and the presentation of a new model of social mysticism is one of the topics investigated in this research and through it, the author's critical view is institutionalized.analyzed.

Abstract Symbolist is one of the important and outstanding features of contemporary social sonnets. In these poems, some of the motifs have multiple meanings so they have became to symbols. Symbols and motifs are significant in analysis of literary works and stylistic studies, so by correct understanding of these symbolic motifs we will understand the perspective of the poet, his mentality and spirit, the level of thought and the political-social situation of his life period. Death is one of the oldest motifs that has been in the center of attention for a long time due to its tremendous impact on a person, and many works of art have created about that. From the total of 1236 sonnets written between 1350 SH to 1384 SH and collected in the book of Contemporary Social Sonnets, “death” is the motif of 308 sonnets, i.e. 25% of them. According to stylistic studies, the words "night", "day and morning", "silence and darkness", "spring", "reservoir and winter", "tree", "garden", "wind", "soil", "fire" " and "sun and sunshine" are motifs that came from the nature. Because of their multiple meanings, this motifs have symbolic function. This article tries to analyze these symbolic motifs with a descriptive-analytical method and express their exact meaning in some verses of contemporary social sonnets.

Keywords: contemporary social sonnets, death, motif, motifology,

Abstract Abjection is a psychoanalytical approach proposed by Julia Kristeva to analyze literary texts. According to this theory, mind and body are never separated from each other and this connection emerges more than anything in the process of identity formation, because this mental process is not limited to the perception of the subject or subject of the speaker of his psychological identity, but to complete it, The subject should define the boundaries of his pure and unique body. This is done by carefully distinguishing the subject from the object, the self from the other, the inside from the outside, and the pure from the impure, and the subject constantly reacts against the contaminated things that violate this wholeness. By studying the novel The guide to dying with medicinal plants by Atiyeh Attarzadeh, the present research examines the mental struggles of the main character of the story, who is a blind girl, and how she faces various types of contamination. The fictional world is full of dirty things and the main character is constantly involved in protecting his mental and physical identity. On the other hand, writing is an escape for the writer, who is the subject of the speaker, to project the polluted things that threaten his mentality, thus polluted literature finds a purifying role.