Music Analysis in sonnet Poetry of the 1990s Based on the Poems of Anonymous and Lesser-known Poets

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Member of the faculty of Tehran University

2 Master's degree in Persian language and literature, University of Tehran

Abstract
Music is one of the factors that characterize poetic language, which includes two internal and external aspects. The external aspect of music, namely prosodic meter, rhyme, and radif, underwent changes in contemporary poetry with the emergence of ghazal writers such as Simin Behbahani and Hossein Manzavi. These changes have continued until now and, after going through ups and downs, reached relative stability in the last years of the fourteenth century. The analysis and study of music in the ghazals of the poets of the nineties, especially the anonymous poets, yields significant results, which is the main subject and goal of this research. For this purpose, the library research method is used and the music of the ghazals is studied.
The study of prosodic meters and the frequency of their use, the method of using rhyme, mid-rhyme, radif and its types, the use of new and difficult radifs, departure from meter, rhyme, and radif, and the strengths and weaknesses in the music of ghazals of this period are the issues that have been addressed in this research.
The results of this study show that despite the experimentation of poets in innovative meters in the 1990s, traditional and ancient meters continue to be more popular than new meters. Meters that are less flexible and musical have been eliminated from the realm of Persian ghazals over the years, and among the innovative meters, those that have made minor changes to the ancient meters have remained stable.

Keywords

Subjects

Afkhami sotudeh, hanif. (2021), I have to find a father for myself, first edition, tehran, Shalgardan. (In Persian)
Ahmadi, Babak. (2006). Text Interpretation Structure, 8th edition, Tehran: Markaz. (In Persian)
Akbarzadeh, Amir. (2021( Noon at sunrise,second edition, tehran: Ketabestane Maꞌarefat. (In Persian)
Alizaddeh, Zahra. (2020) On the side of minnows, first edition, Karaj: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Ansari, Bahman. (2019), Kargadanism, first edition, tehran: Arvan. (In Persian)
Aram, Maryam. (2017). flute player,  first edition, tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Asgari, Razieh. (2017), Red apple, first edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Bahmani, Mohammad Ali. (2007) My body is a poem, but my soul is a free verse .first edition, Tehran: Taka. (In Persian)
Bahmani, Mohammad rasoul. (2019) Being sleepy .first edition, tehran: Anima. (In Persian)
Banna Esmaeeli, Farzaneh. (2021), Clouds without history, first edition, tehran: Honare Resane Ordibehesht. (In Persian)
Darvishzadeh, Mohammad Mahdi. (2020). Kaaba is the walls of your house, first edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Dehghani, Mitra. (2021). It is still raining, first edition, Tehran: Shahrestane adab. (In Persian)
Ebrahimi, Kamran. (2021). if you are in love, first edition, tehran: Emtiaz. (In Persian)
Faraji, Mahdi. (2018), Fish, second edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Farmani, Marzieh. (2017), Segment, first edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Fazeli shahrbabaki, Afsar. (2017), The summit, first edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Ghanbarlou, Yaser. (2020) The next patient, Fifth Edition, Tehran: NimaJ. (In Persian)
Ghanbarzade, Akbar. (2019), Snow ,first edition, Tehran: Iham. (In Persian)
Ghanyani, Shani. (2021), Zero and one hundred, first edition, Tehran: Shalgardan. (In Persian)
Hafez, Shamsoddin. (2021), Divan, Khalil Khatib rahbar, first edition ,Tehran: Safi Alishah. (In Persian)
Hasanpour alashti, Hosein. (2005), Fresh style/ Stylistics of Indian style ghazal, first edition, Tehran: Sokhan. (In Persian)
Heidari ghiri, sajjad. (2020) Mania. first edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Hoseinpour chfi, Ali. (2011) Contemporary Persian poetic trends of the coup until the revolution, Third edition, Tehran: Amirkabir. (In Persian)
Isa beige, Ali. (2020). Body, first edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Jabbar pour masouleh, Sajedeh. (2019) Female .second edition, Tehran: Nazdiktar. (In Persian)
Jafari Azarmani, Maryam. (2018) Be free and love. first edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Jafari Azarmani, Maryam. (2018) Dissection. first edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Jafari Azarmani, Maryam. (2019) Women in love. first edition, Tehran: Tamaddone elmi. (In Persian)
Jahandar, Mahdi. (2020) The apostate. first edition, Tehran: Shahrestane adab. (In Persian)
Kakaee, Abdoljabbar. (1994). A reflection on the course of the Sonnet. Poetry magazine, (2), pp. 24-25.
Karimi Abbasi, Abbas. (2019), With Benjamin Baten in the middle of a pool of poetry,first edition, Tehran: Elm. (In Persian)
Kasi, Mohammad.(2020), Your body is Braille, first edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Khalaji, Hasan. (2020). Light green, first edition, Karaj: Shani. (In Persian)
Khan Mohammadi, Mohammad mahdi. (2019) Uproar. first edition, Tehran: Shahrestane adab. (In Persian)
Khanlari, Parviz. (1982) Persian poetry music. second edition, Tehran: Toos. (In Persian)
Khoesandi, Mojtaba. (2020) Weakness. first edition, Tehran: Emtiaz. (In Persian)
Majd, Omid. (2022). A new hypothesis about the most important factors affecting literary texts (Characteristics of masterpieces). Journal of literary criticism and rhetoric,11(4), pp. 28, 45-62.
Malekian, Mohammad Hosein. (2017), Misfortune, first edition, Tehran: Nazdiktar. (In Persian)
Malekian, Mohammad Hosein. (2019), Interpretation of Ah, first edition, Mashhad: Astane ghodse razavi. (In Persian)
Maliheh, Akbari. (2019) I wanted to become a poet, but my food was burnt, first edition, tehran: Anima. (In Persian)
Miraghaee, Mahdi. (2018), Love for the mother tongue, first edition, Kashan: Adabestane novin. (In Persian)
Miraghaee, Mahdi. (2018), Out of the question, second edition, Kashan: Adabestane novin. (In Persian)
Mirza rasoulzadeh, Mahdi. (2021), Poetry does not become bread, first edition, Tehran: Ketabe bahar. (In Persian)
Mirzaeee, Mohammad saeed. (2017), Appeal, first edition, Tehran: Cheshmeh. (In Persian)
Mobasher, saeed. (2020), Hammer, firsy edition, Tehran: Iham. (In Persian)
Mohammad Ali beigi, Aloreza. (2021), Flight, first edition, tehran: Shahrestane adab. (In Persian)
Mohammad taghi, Mahdi. (2018), next station: Azadi Square, firsy edition, Tehran: Nazdiktar. (In Persian)
Mojgan, Abbaslou. (2017), Cellmates, first edition, Tehran: Shahrestane adab. (In Persian)
Moradi, Nazanin. (2021), I put your name on every street, first edition, tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Mostashar Nezami, Naghmeh. (2018), How much room does your luggage have?, first edition, Tehran: Shahrestane adab. (In Persian)
Mousavi, Mahdi. (2018), Playing clown in front of the firing squad, second edition, Tehran: Sayeha. (In Persian)
Mousavi, Razieh. (2019), The judgment of men has written history, first edition, Tehran: Nasira. (In Persian)
Mousavi, Razieh. (2020), Thirty years of being a woman changed my world, first edition, Tehran: Anima. (In Persian)
Mousavi, Razieh. (2020), You are thirsty and the desert is at home, first edition, Tehran: Nasira. (In Persian)
Naghib, Ali. (2017), Overlooking, first edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Norouzi, Amin. (2020), Khayal Streetg, first edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Parsakhou, Ali. (2021) Modest .first edition, Tehran: Nazari. (In Persian)
Rasouli Moghaddam, Rahmat allah. (2018), Dissection under the fingers, first edition, Tehran: Iham. (In Persian)
Rasouli Moghaddam, Rahmat allah. (2019), Angle, first edition, Tehran: Iham. (In Persian)
Rasoulzadeh, Reihaneh. (2020) Yet still , first edition, Tehran: Nazdiktar. (In Persian)
Roozbeh, Mohammad reza. (2000), The course of evolution in Persian ghazal from the constitution to the Islamic revolution, first edition, Tehran: Rozaneh. (In Persian)
Sabzevar Ghahfarrokhi, Arezou. (2020). Sewn lips, first edition, Tehran: Iham. (In Persian)
Safa, Hosein. (2020), Catapult, first edition, Tehran: Imaj. (In Persian)
Safavi, Kourosh. (2011), From linguistics to literature, first edition, Tehran: Soure mehr. (In Persian)
Salmani, Mohammad. (2016). I want you ,absentee wish , second edition, Tehran: Nimaj. (In Persian)
Salmani, Mohammad. (2017). If i go crazy , first edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Samani, Sajjad. (2018), Years, fourth edition, Tehran: Soure Mehr. (In Persian)
Seifi, Arash. (2019). I want you , Dancing with some fat lepers, first edition, Karaj: Asare bartar. (In Persian)
Shafiee kadkani, Mohammadreza (1989), Poetry music, tenth edition, Tehran: Agah. (In Persian)
Shahbazi, Milad. (2020), Exit, first edition, Tehran: Fasle Panjom. (In Persian)
Shalbafan, Reza. (2021). Elam after the Assyrian attack of Banipal, first edition, Tehran: Toranjestan. (In Persian)
Shamisa, sirous. (1994), Culture hints, fourth edition, Tehran: Ferdows. (In Persian)
Shamisa, sirous. (2007), Ghazal process in Persian poetry, second edition, Tehran: Elm. (In Persian)
Shekarbeigi, Hosein.(2018), Egypt and sugar, second edition, Tehran: Sibe Sorkh. (In Persian)
shokrollahi, Ali. (2018), attached, second edition, Tehran: Nazdiktar. (In Persian)
Tabibzade, Reza. (2018), Crying has not woken us up yet, first edition, Tehran: Anima. (In Persian)
Taj mohammadi, saeed. (2021) Minutes. first edition, Tehran: Shahrestane adab. (In Persian)
Tarighi. Gholamreza. (2021), Strife, first edition, Tehran: Cheshmeh. (In Persian)
Tarsa, Fatemeh. (2020) Privacy. first edition, Tehran: Fasle panjom. (In Persian)
Zahra, Hashemi. (2019), The evening was the half of Ordibihesht of a woman, first edition, Tehran: Anima. (In Persian)
Zolfaghari, Alireza. (2021). The last days of the century , first edition, Tehran: Iham. (In Persian)